SQL Server float data type understanding

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After I insert a value (0.12346789123456789123456789) for example in the table that has a float type column, I query and get back 0.1234567891234568 which contains 17 digits. I have 3 questions

1. How can I back track the binary representation of the input and output ? The document says it uses 53 bits as default. I am using Management Studio SQL Server and I don't know how to specify n value during declaration of my column type.
2. The number 17 isn't included in the document, I wish to know where it comes from.
3. In Big or Little Endian systems, I'd like to know how such an input is treated and translated into the output at the low-level byte system. If anyone knows an explanation, I would be thankful.